实现 1/5：表达式的编译器和 VM

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（n08 五道题共用一段开头：06 的词法/语法/Env/RunError，五段验收程序 PROGS（和 06 的一样：14|20 / 10 / 81 / 11|12 / 错误:除以零），和 run_progs(编译函数, VM函数, k)：把前 k 段各编译、各跑。这五道题自己写编译器和 VM——每题在上一题的基础上加。）

本条的指令集（每条是一个元组）：

PUSH 值        把一个常量压栈          LOAD 名      把变量的值压栈
DEFINE 名      弹栈、在当前层登记       STORE 名     弹栈、沿链改变量
BIN 运算符     弹两个、算、压回一个     PRINT        弹栈、打印
POP            弹栈丢掉                 JUMP 目标    跳到第几条
JUMP_IF_FALSE 目标  弹栈，假就跳          ENTER / LEAVE   进块开一层 / 出块关一层
MAKE_FN 名 参数 代码   造一个函数值登记   CALL 名 个数   弹参数、压新帧
RETURN         弹栈当返回值、弹帧、压回调用者的栈

写 comp(tree)：只编译 print 语句和表达式（num/str/var/bin），指令 PUSH / LOAD / BIN / PRINT。写 vm(code, env, out)：一个 pc 循环，栈式执行这四种指令（BIN 含比较、字符串拼接、整除、除以零报错）。跑第一段。

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代码编辑器

语言： Ctrl + Enter 运行

KEYWORDS = ("let", "if", "else", "while", "fn", "return", "print")
CMP = (">=", "<=", "==", "!=", "<", ">")

def T(src):
    toks = []
    ln, pos = 1, 0
    for ln, line in enumerate(src.split("\n"), 1):
        pos = 0
        for w in line.split():
            pos = line.index(w, pos)
            if w in KEYWORDS:
                k = "KEYWORD"
            elif w[0] == '"':
                k = "STRING"
            elif w.isdigit():
                k = "NUMBER"
            elif w[0].isalpha() or w[0] == "_":
                k = "IDENT"
            else:
                k = "OP"
            toks.append((k, w, ln, pos + 1))
            pos += len(w)
    toks.append(("EOF", "", ln, pos + 1))
    return toks

class ParseError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, want, got, line, col):
        super().__init__("期待「" + want + "」遇到「" + got + "」@" + str(line) + ":" + str(col))

class Parser:
    def __init__(self, toks):
        self.toks, self.i = toks, 0

def peek(self):
        return self.toks[self.i]

def advance(self):
        self.i += 1
        return self.toks[self.i - 1]

def at(self, text):
        return self.peek()[1] == text

def expect(self, text):
        t = self.peek()
        if t[1] != text:
            raise ParseError(text, t[1] or "文件结尾", t[2], t[3])
        return self.advance()

def expect_kind(self, kind):
        t = self.peek()
        if t[0] != kind:
            raise ParseError(kind, t[1] or "文件结尾", t[2], t[3])
        return self.advance()

def program(self):
        stmts = []
        while self.peek()[0] != "EOF":
            stmts.append(self.stmt())
        return ("program", stmts)

def stmt(self):
        t = self.peek()
        if self.at("let"):
            self.advance()
            name = self.expect_kind("IDENT")
            self.expect("=")
            e = self.expr()
            self.expect(";")
            return ("let", name[1], e, name[2], name[3])
        if self.at("print"):
            self.advance()
            e = self.expr()
            self.expect(";")
            return ("print", e, t[2], t[3])
        if self.at("return"):
            self.advance()
            e = self.expr()
            self.expect(";")
            return ("return", e, t[2], t[3])
        if self.at("fn"):
            self.advance()
            name = self.expect_kind("IDENT")
            self.expect("(")
            params = []
            while not self.at(")"):
                params.append(self.expect_kind("IDENT")[1])
                if self.at(","):
                    self.advance()
            self.expect(")")
            return ("fn", name[1], params, self.block(), t[2], t[3])
        if self.at("if"):
            self.advance()
            self.expect("(")
            c = self.expr()
            self.expect(")")
            body = self.block()
            alt = None
            if self.at("else"):
                self.advance()
                alt = self.block()
            return ("if", c, body, alt, t[2], t[3])
        if self.at("while"):
            self.advance()
            self.expect("(")
            c = self.expr()
            self.expect(")")
            return ("while", c, self.block(), t[2], t[3])
        name = self.expect_kind("IDENT")
        self.expect("=")
        e = self.expr()
        self.expect(";")
        return ("assign", name[1], e, name[2], name[3])

def block(self):
        self.expect("{")
        stmts = []
        while not self.at("}"):
            if self.peek()[0] == "EOF":
                self.expect("}")
            stmts.append(self.stmt())
        self.expect("}")
        return stmts

def expr(self):
        left = self.sum_()
        if self.peek()[1] in CMP:
            t = self.advance()
            return ("bin", t[1], left, self.sum_(), t[2], t[3])
        return left

def sum_(self):
        left = self.term()
        while self.peek()[1] in ("+", "-"):
            t = self.advance()
            left = ("bin", t[1], left, self.term(), t[2], t[3])
        return left

def term(self):
        left = self.factor()
        while self.peek()[1] in ("*", "/"):
            t = self.advance()
            left = ("bin", t[1], left, self.factor(), t[2], t[3])
        return left

def factor(self):
        t = self.peek()
        if t[0] == "NUMBER":
            self.advance()
            return ("num", int(t[1]))
        if t[0] == "STRING":
            self.advance()
            return ("str", t[1][1:-1])
        if t[0] == "IDENT":
            self.advance()
            if self.at("("):
                self.advance()
                args = []
                while not self.at(")"):
                    args.append(self.expr())
                    if self.at(","):
                        self.advance()
                self.expect(")")
                return ("call", t[1], args, t[2], t[3])
            return ("var", t[1], t[2], t[3])
        if t[1] == "(":
            self.advance()
            e = self.expr()
            self.expect(")")
            return e
        raise ParseError("表达式", t[1] or "文件结尾", t[2], t[3])

def parse(src):
    return Parser(T(src)).program()

def show(n):
    if n[0] == "num" or n[0] == "var":
        return str(n[1])
    if n[0] == "str":
        return '"' + n[1] + '"'
    if n[0] == "bin":
        return "(" + show(n[2]) + n[1] + show(n[3]) + ")"
    if n[0] == "call":
        return n[1] + "(" + ",".join(show(a) for a in n[2]) + ")"
    if n[0] == "let":
        return "let:" + n[1] + "=" + show(n[2])
    if n[0] == "assign":
        return n[1] + "=" + show(n[2])
    if n[0] == "print":
        return "print:" + show(n[1])
    if n[0] == "return":
        return "return:" + show(n[1])
    if n[0] == "fn":
        return "fn:" + n[1] + "(" + ",".join(n[2]) + "){" + ";".join(show(x) for x in n[3]) + "}"
    if n[0] == "if":
        s = "if[" + show(n[1]) + "]{" + ";".join(show(x) for x in n[2]) + "}"
        if n[3] is not None:
            s += "else{" + ";".join(show(x) for x in n[3]) + "}"
        return s
    if n[0] == "while":
        return "while[" + show(n[1]) + "]{" + ";".join(show(x) for x in n[2]) + "}"
    if n[0] == "program":
        return "|".join(show(x) for x in n[1])
    return "?"

class RunError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, msg, line, col, stack=None):
        super().__init__(msg + "@" + str(line) + ":" + str(col))
        self.msg, self.line, self.col = msg, line, col
        self.stack = list(stack) if stack else ["main"]

def where(self):
        return ">".join(self.stack)

class Env:
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        self.vars = {}
        self.parent = parent

def define(self, name, value):
        self.vars[name] = value

def find(self, name):
        e = self
        while e is not None:
            if name in e.vars:
                return e
            e = e.parent
        return None

def get(self, name, line, col, stack):
        e = self.find(name)
        if e is None:
            raise RunError("未定义「" + name + "」", line, col, stack)
        return e.vars[name]

def set(self, name, value, line, col, stack):
        e = self.find(name)
        if e is None:
            raise RunError("未定义「" + name + "」", line, col, stack)
        e.vars[name] = value

class Closure:
    def __init__(self, name, params, body, env):
        self.name, self.params, self.body, self.env = name, params, body, env

class ReturnSignal(Exception):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

PROGS = ["print 2 + 3 * 4 ;\nprint ( 2 + 3 ) * 4 ;", "let s = 0 ;\nlet i = 0 ;\nwhile ( i < 5 ) { s = s + i ; i = i + 1 ; }\nprint s ;", "fn sq ( x ) { return x * x ; }\nprint sq ( sq ( 3 ) ) ;", "fn make ( ) { let n = 10 ; fn get ( ) { n = n + 1 ; return n ; } return get ; }\nlet g = make ( ) ;\nprint g ( ) ;\nprint g ( ) ;", "fn f ( x ) { return 1 / x ; }\nprint f ( 0 ) ;"]

def run_progs(compile_fn, vm_fn, k):
    outs = []
    for p in PROGS[:k]:
        out = []
        try:
            vm_fn(compile_fn(parse(p)), Env(), out)
        except RunError as e:
            out.append("错误:" + e.msg)
        outs.append("|".join(out))
    return "/".join(outs)

def comp(tree):
    code = []
    # TODO
    return code

def vm(code, env, out):
    # TODO
    pass

print(run_progs(comp, vm, 1))

本次输入：

输出：

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