看调用栈

（每道题开头都有同一段：这门语言的 parser、show()、环境 Env（define / find / get / set，get 和 set 查不到就抛 RunError）、函数值 Closure(name, params, body, env)、用来「跳出函数」的 ReturnSignal。）

（这一节还带着完整的解释器：eval_(节点, env, out, stack) 算表达式，exec_ / exec_block 执行语句，call 调函数，run(src) 把 print 的东西用 | 连起来交回，run_safe 把运行时错误也变成一行文字。）

三层调用，在最里面出错，看栈是什么样：

KEYWORDS = ("let", "if", "else", "while", "fn", "return", "print")
CMP = (">=", "<=", "==", "!=", "<", ">")

def T(src):
    toks = []
    ln, pos = 1, 0
    for ln, line in enumerate(src.split("\n"), 1):
        pos = 0
        for w in line.split():
            pos = line.index(w, pos)
            if w in KEYWORDS:
                k = "KEYWORD"
            elif w[0] == '"':
                k = "STRING"
            elif w.isdigit():
                k = "NUMBER"
            elif w[0].isalpha() or w[0] == "_":
                k = "IDENT"
            else:
                k = "OP"
            toks.append((k, w, ln, pos + 1))
            pos += len(w)
    toks.append(("EOF", "", ln, pos + 1))
    return toks


class ParseError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, want, got, line, col):
        super().__init__("期待「" + want + "」遇到「" + got + "」@" + str(line) + ":" + str(col))


class Parser:
    def __init__(self, toks):
        self.toks, self.i = toks, 0

    def peek(self):
        return self.toks[self.i]

    def advance(self):
        self.i += 1
        return self.toks[self.i - 1]

    def at(self, text):
        return self.peek()[1] == text

    def expect(self, text):
        t = self.peek()
        if t[1] != text:
            raise ParseError(text, t[1] or "文件结尾", t[2], t[3])
        return self.advance()

    def expect_kind(self, kind):
        t = self.peek()
        if t[0] != kind:
            raise ParseError(kind, t[1] or "文件结尾", t[2], t[3])
        return self.advance()

    def program(self):
        stmts = []
        while self.peek()[0] != "EOF":
            stmts.append(self.stmt())
        return ("program", stmts)

    def stmt(self):
        t = self.peek()
        if self.at("let"):
            self.advance()
            name = self.expect_kind("IDENT")
            self.expect("=")
            e = self.expr()
            self.expect(";")
            return ("let", name[1], e, name[2], name[3])
        if self.at("print"):
            self.advance()
            e = self.expr()
            self.expect(";")
            return ("print", e, t[2], t[3])
        if self.at("return"):
            self.advance()
            e = self.expr()
            self.expect(";")
            return ("return", e, t[2], t[3])
        if self.at("fn"):
            self.advance()
            name = self.expect_kind("IDENT")
            self.expect("(")
            params = []
            while not self.at(")"):
                params.append(self.expect_kind("IDENT")[1])
                if self.at(","):
                    self.advance()
            self.expect(")")
            return ("fn", name[1], params, self.block(), t[2], t[3])
        if self.at("if"):
            self.advance()
            self.expect("(")
            c = self.expr()
            self.expect(")")
            body = self.block()
            alt = None
            if self.at("else"):
                self.advance()
                alt = self.block()
            return ("if", c, body, alt, t[2], t[3])
        if self.at("while"):
            self.advance()
            self.expect("(")
            c = self.expr()
            self.expect(")")
            return ("while", c, self.block(), t[2], t[3])
        name = self.expect_kind("IDENT")
        self.expect("=")
        e = self.expr()
        self.expect(";")
        return ("assign", name[1], e, name[2], name[3])

    def block(self):
        self.expect("{")
        stmts = []
        while not self.at("}"):
            if self.peek()[0] == "EOF":
                self.expect("}")
            stmts.append(self.stmt())
        self.expect("}")
        return stmts

    def expr(self):
        left = self.sum_()
        if self.peek()[1] in CMP:
            t = self.advance()
            return ("bin", t[1], left, self.sum_(), t[2], t[3])
        return left

    def sum_(self):
        left = self.term()
        while self.peek()[1] in ("+", "-"):
            t = self.advance()
            left = ("bin", t[1], left, self.term(), t[2], t[3])
        return left

    def term(self):
        left = self.factor()
        while self.peek()[1] in ("*", "/"):
            t = self.advance()
            left = ("bin", t[1], left, self.factor(), t[2], t[3])
        return left

    def factor(self):
        t = self.peek()
        if t[0] == "NUMBER":
            self.advance()
            return ("num", int(t[1]))
        if t[0] == "STRING":
            self.advance()
            return ("str", t[1][1:-1])
        if t[0] == "IDENT":
            self.advance()
            if self.at("("):
                self.advance()
                args = []
                while not self.at(")"):
                    args.append(self.expr())
                    if self.at(","):
                        self.advance()
                self.expect(")")
                return ("call", t[1], args, t[2], t[3])
            return ("var", t[1], t[2], t[3])
        if t[1] == "(":
            self.advance()
            e = self.expr()
            self.expect(")")
            return e
        raise ParseError("表达式", t[1] or "文件结尾", t[2], t[3])


def parse(src):
    return Parser(T(src)).program()


def show(n):
    if n[0] == "num" or n[0] == "var":
        return str(n[1])
    if n[0] == "str":
        return '"' + n[1] + '"'
    if n[0] == "bin":
        return "(" + show(n[2]) + n[1] + show(n[3]) + ")"
    if n[0] == "call":
        return n[1] + "(" + ",".join(show(a) for a in n[2]) + ")"
    if n[0] == "let":
        return "let:" + n[1] + "=" + show(n[2])
    if n[0] == "assign":
        return n[1] + "=" + show(n[2])
    if n[0] == "print":
        return "print:" + show(n[1])
    if n[0] == "return":
        return "return:" + show(n[1])
    if n[0] == "fn":
        return "fn:" + n[1] + "(" + ",".join(n[2]) + "){" + ";".join(show(x) for x in n[3]) + "}"
    if n[0] == "if":
        s = "if[" + show(n[1]) + "]{" + ";".join(show(x) for x in n[2]) + "}"
        if n[3] is not None:
            s += "else{" + ";".join(show(x) for x in n[3]) + "}"
        return s
    if n[0] == "while":
        return "while[" + show(n[1]) + "]{" + ";".join(show(x) for x in n[2]) + "}"
    if n[0] == "program":
        return "|".join(show(x) for x in n[1])
    return "?"


class RunError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, msg, line, col, stack=None):
        super().__init__(msg + "@" + str(line) + ":" + str(col))
        self.msg, self.line, self.col = msg, line, col
        self.stack = list(stack) if stack else ["main"]

    def where(self):
        return ">".join(self.stack)


class Env:
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        self.vars = {}
        self.parent = parent

    def define(self, name, value):
        self.vars[name] = value

    def find(self, name):
        e = self
        while e is not None:
            if name in e.vars:
                return e
            e = e.parent
        return None

    def get(self, name, line, col, stack):
        e = self.find(name)
        if e is None:
            raise RunError("未定义「" + name + "」", line, col, stack)
        return e.vars[name]

    def set(self, name, value, line, col, stack):
        e = self.find(name)
        if e is None:
            raise RunError("未定义「" + name + "」", line, col, stack)
        e.vars[name] = value


class Closure:
    def __init__(self, name, params, body, env):
        self.name, self.params, self.body, self.env = name, params, body, env


class ReturnSignal(Exception):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value


def eval_(n, env, out, stack):
    if n[0] == "num" or n[0] == "str":
        return n[1]
    if n[0] == "var":
        return env.get(n[1], n[2], n[3], stack)
    if n[0] == "bin":
        op = n[1]
        l = eval_(n[2], env, out, stack)
        r = eval_(n[3], env, out, stack)
        if op in CMP:
            return {">=": l >= r, "<=": l <= r, "==": l == r, "!=": l != r, "<": l < r, ">": l > r}[op]
        if op == "+":
            if type(l) != type(r):
                raise RunError("类型不匹配", n[4], n[5], stack)
            return l + r
        if type(l) is not int or type(r) is not int:
            raise RunError("类型不匹配", n[4], n[5], stack)
        if op == "-":
            return l - r
        if op == "*":
            return l * r
        if r == 0:
            raise RunError("除以零", n[4], n[5], stack)
        return l // r
    if n[0] == "call":
        f = env.get(n[1], n[3], n[4], stack)
        args = [eval_(a, env, out, stack) for a in n[2]]
        return call(f, args, n, out, stack)
    raise RunError("不会算「" + n[0] + "」", 0, 0, stack)


def call(f, args, n, out, stack):
    if not isinstance(f, Closure):
        raise RunError("不是函数「" + n[1] + "」", n[3], n[4], stack)
    if len(args) != len(f.params):
        raise RunError("参数个数不对「" + f.name + "」", n[3], n[4], stack)
    local = Env(f.env)
    for p, a in zip(f.params, args):
        local.define(p, a)
    if len(stack) > 50:
        raise RunError("调用太深「" + f.name + "」", n[3], n[4], stack)
    try:
        exec_block(f.body, local, out, stack + [f.name])
    except ReturnSignal as r:
        return r.value
    return 0


def exec_(n, env, out, stack):
    if n[0] == "let":
        env.define(n[1], eval_(n[2], env, out, stack))
    elif n[0] == "assign":
        env.set(n[1], eval_(n[2], env, out, stack), n[3], n[4], stack)
    elif n[0] == "print":
        v = eval_(n[1], env, out, stack)
        out.append(str(v) if not isinstance(v, bool) else ("true" if v else "false"))
    elif n[0] == "return":
        raise ReturnSignal(eval_(n[1], env, out, stack))
    elif n[0] == "fn":
        env.define(n[1], Closure(n[1], n[2], n[3], env))
    elif n[0] == "if":
        if eval_(n[1], env, out, stack):
            exec_block(n[2], Env(env), out, stack)
        elif n[3] is not None:
            exec_block(n[3], Env(env), out, stack)
    elif n[0] == "while":
        while eval_(n[1], env, out, stack):
            exec_block(n[2], Env(env), out, stack)


def exec_block(stmts, env, out, stack):
    for s in stmts:
        exec_(s, env, out, stack)


def run(src):
    out = []
    exec_block(parse(src)[1], Env(), out, ["main"])
    return "|".join(out)


def run_safe(src):
    out = []
    try:
        exec_block(parse(src)[1], Env(), out, ["main"])
    except RunError as e:
        out.append("错误 " + str(e) + " 调用栈 " + e.where())
    except ParseError as e:
        out.append("语法错误 " + str(e))
    return "|".join(out)


src = "fn c ( ) { return 1 / 0 ; }\nfn b ( ) { return c ( ) ; }\nfn a ( ) { return b ( ) ; }\nprint a ( ) ;"
try:
    run(src)
    r = "没错"
except RunError as e:
    r = e.msg + "/" + e.where() + "/" + str(len(e.stack))
print(r + "/" + run("fn f ( x ) { return x + 1 ; }\nprint f ( f ( 1 ) ) ;"))